恋愛におけるホルモンの動きを俯瞰してみると、
①　恋愛の特攻隊長♡フェニルエチルアミン（やっと覚えれた！！）略してPEAが、何の加減かで好きになりそうな相手と関わると出る。恋は盲目ホルモン。あなたしか見えない。。
②　快楽ホルモン♡エンドルフィン：PEAは、麻薬のモルヒネに似た構造を持つ脳内麻薬で、高揚感、陶酔感などの快感をもたらすエンドルフィンを分泌させる。 でもエンドルフィンは、その後も出続け安定した関係にも寄与。ストレスを感じた時も出るから、複雑な人。
③　愛情ホルモン♡オキシトシン：性的な触れ合いで、特に子宮頸部の刺激で、女性に大量に放出されるホルモン。このホルモンの恐ろしいところは、その対象の相手への愛が一生持続するところ！ヒエ～～～！！
④　興奮ホルモン☆ドーパミン：強力麻薬ドーパミン。ウキウキワクワクが止まらない。ずっと出し続けるのは無理。もっともっとと中毒症状。大騒ぎです。はい、恋愛の一番良くて苦しい状態を作り出しますね。
⑤　落ち着けホルモン♡セロトニン：これが恋愛中は不足する（特に女子）ので、1～4までの暴走を止められない。苦しみを和らげる鍵はこのホルモン！
⑥　ブチ切れホルモン☆ノルアドレナリン：あまりにもきつい状況が続くと、これが分泌され、キレがちに。

All brains are different
Recognising that all adolescents are different has really important implications for things like education or advertising. If, for example, the way in which adolescents learn is dependent on their specific pattern of brain development, then educational strategies that are based on averages will only have limited use.
Similarly, advertising campaigns for things like sexual health, if based on the studies that are averaged across participants, will work for some adolescents but not others.
The sooner we understand the difference between adolescents, the sooner we can integrate this information into schools and policy. This is important, because after all, there’s no such thing as an average teenager, and we need to remember this as we continue to refine our understanding of the adolescent brain.

Women are hypocrites. Women are opportunists. Women are liars.
They are abusers and bullies and manipulators. They are capable of cruelty, callousness and evil.
Just like men.

Since at least the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, genetic information has been stored in a four-letter alphabet that is propagated and retrieved by the formation of two base pairs. The central goal of synthetic biology is to create new life forms and functions, and the most general route to this goal is the creation of semi-synthetic organisms whose DNA harbours two additional letters that form a third, unnatural base pair. Previous efforts to generate such semi-synthetic organisms culminated in the creation of a strain of Escherichia coli that, by virtue of a nucleoside triphosphate transporter from Phaeodactylum tricornutum, imports the requisite unnatural triphosphates from its medium and then uses them to replicate a plasmid containing the unnatural base pair dNaM–dTPT3. Although the semi-synthetic organism stores increased information when compared to natural organisms, retrieval of the information requires in vivo transcription of the unnatural base pair into mRNA and tRNA, aminoacylation of the tRNA with a non-canonical amino acid, and efficient participation of the unnatural base pair in decoding at the ribosome. Here we report the in vivo transcription of DNA containing dNaM and dTPT3 into mRNAs with two different unnatural codons and tRNAs with cognate unnatural anticodons, and their efficient decoding at the ribosome to direct the site-specific incorporation of natural or non-canonical amino acids into superfolder green fluorescent protein. The results demonstrate that interactions other than hydrogen bonding can contribute to every step of information storage and retrieval. The resulting semi-synthetic organism both encodes and retrieves increased information and should serve as a platform for the creation of new life forms and functions.

Why is liberal democracy in crisis? Is God back? What can we do about the epidemic of fake news? Which civilisation dominates the world? Should Europe keep its doors open to immigrants? Can nationalism solve the problems of inequality and climate change? What should we do about terrorism? What should we teach our kids?
Billions of us can hardly afford the luxury of investigating these questions, because we have more pressing things to do: we have to go to work, take care of the kids, or look after elderly parents. Unfortunately, history makes no concessions. If the future of humanity is decided in your absence, because you are too busy – you and they will not be exempt from the consequences. This is very unfair; but who said history was fair?

We know that exercise boosts memory and thinking skills. But now, researchers have shown for the first time that physical activity can increase the size of children’s brains and improve academic performance.

1967年　北海道釧路市生まれ。
外務省で対米外交や国連外交などに携わる。
2008年　インドでALSを発症。
2011年　気管切開し24時間人工呼吸器を装着。声を失う。
2015年　手の指が動かなくなる。
2016年　視線入力で短編ミステリー小説「情報協力」を書きあげる。
「情報協力」が東京都北区内田康夫ミステリー文学賞審査員特別賞を受賞。
パソコンは視線でカーソルを動かし、口にくわえたスイッチを噛んでクリックする。
パソコン関係の頼りは元パチンコプログラマーのヘルパー。
「ALSはいつかきっと治る病気になる」と信じ、患者の立場から治療研究を促進するなどの患者活動に取り組む。

The prisoner’s dilemma is a standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two completely rational individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher while working at RAND in 1950. Albert W. Tucker formalized the game with prison sentence rewards and named it “prisoner’s dilemma”, presenting it as follows:

Two members of a criminal gang are arrested and imprisoned. Each prisoner is in solitary confinement with no means of communicating with the other. The prosecutors lack sufficient evidence to convict the pair on the principal charge, but they have enough to convict both on a lesser charge. Simultaneously, the prosecutors offer each prisoner a bargain. Each prisoner is given the opportunity either to betray the other by testifying that the other committed the crime, or to cooperate with the other by remaining silent. The offer is:

• If A and B each betray the other, each of them serves two years in prison
• If A betrays B but B remains silent, A will be set free and B will serve three years in prison (and vice versa)
• If A and B both remain silent, both of them will only serve one year in prison (on the lesser charge).

It is implied that the prisoners will have no opportunity to reward or punish their partner other than the prison sentences they get and that their decision will not affect their reputation in the future. Because betraying a partner offers a greater reward than cooperating with them, all purely rational self-interested prisoners will betray the other, meaning the only possible outcome for two purely rational prisoners is for them to betray each other. The interesting part of this result is that pursuing individual reward logically leads both of the prisoners to betray when they would get a better reward if they both kept silent. In reality, humans display a systemic bias towards cooperative behavior in this and similar games despite what is predicted by simple models of “rational” self-interested action.

In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense – not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species. The animal species, in which individual struggle has been reduced to its narrowest limits, and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development, are invariably the most numerous, the most prosperous, and the most open to further progress. The mutual protection which is obtained in this case, the possibility of attaining old age and of accumulating experience, the higher intellectual development, and the further growth of sociable habits, secure the maintenance of the species, its extension, and its further progressive evolution. The unsociable species, on the contrary, are doomed to decay.

我々の生活を支配しておる、あるいはその内容を成しておるこのエネルギーの作用には、潜在エネルギーと顕在エネルギーの二種があるのであります。
我々の体格とか肉づき、栄養といったようなものは、これは現われておるエネルギーであります。ところが、そのように現われ、明らかに外面に出ておるエネルギーは、その人に存する全エネルギーの極めて一小部分でありまして、むしろ顕在エネルギーよりも潜在しておるエネルギーの方が遥かに強い力、大きな存在であるのであります。それはちょうど氷山と同じことで、水面に現われておる部分はごく一小部分であって、水面下に潜在しておる部分の方が、少なくとも水面に現われているものの八倍くらいはある。そこでうっかりしてよく氷山にぶつかって船が沈没するそうであります。それだけ潜在面が大きい。我々の潜在エネルギーも、このような非常に強い力を持っておるのであります。
ところが、見かけはまことに弱そうに見えながら、何かやらせると非常に精力的な不屈不撓の人もおります。これは顕在エネルギーは貧弱であるけれども、氷山みたいに潜在エネルギーが旺盛なのです。どうも人間は自然の物質よりも複雑で、どちらかというと、見てくれのいい人よりも、見てくれのさほどでない人に潜在エネルギーの旺盛な人が多いものであります。「柳に雪折れなし」などというのも、そういう意味において相通ずるものがあります。
歴史を見ましても、英雄とか哲人とかいわれる人に、案外見てくれのそれほどでない人が多いものであります。

The milder forms of nationalism have been among the most benevolent of human creations. Nations are communities of millions of strangers who don’t really know each other. For example, I don’t know the eight million people who share my Israeli citizenship. But thanks to nationalism, we can all care about one another and cooperate effectively. This is very good. Some people, like John Lennon, imagine that without nationalism, the world will be a peaceful paradise. But far more likely, without nationalism, we would have been living in tribal chaos. If you look today at the most prosperous and peaceful countries in the world, countries like Sweden and Switzerland and Japan, you will see that they have a very strong sense of nationalism. In contrast, countries that lack a strong sense of nationalism, like Congo and Somalia and Afghanistan, tend to be violent and poor.

Du port obscur montèrent les premières fusées des réjouissances officielles. La ville les salua par une longue et sourde exclamation. Cottard, Tarrou, ceux et celle que Rieux avait aimés et perdus, tous, morts ou coupables, étaient oubliés. Le vieux avait raison, les hommes étaient toujours les mêmes. Mais c’était leur force et leur innocence et c’est ici que, par-dessus toute douleur, Rieux sentait qu’il les rejoignait. Au milieu des cris qui redoublaient de force et de durée, qui se répercutaient longuement jusqu’au pied de la terrasse, à mesure que les gerbes multicolores s’élevaient plus nombreuses dans le ciel, le docteur Rieux décida alors de rédiger le récit qui s’achève ici, pour ne pas être de ceux qui se taisent, pour témoigner en faveur de ces pestiférés, pour laisser du moins un souvenir de l’injustice et de la violence qui leur avaient été faites, et pour dire simplement ce qu’on apprend au milieu des fléaux, qu’il y a dans les hommes plus de choses à admirer que de choses à mépriser.

もともと人間の情動は定量化できない。　なぜかと言えば人間の脳や感性は全ての個体が等質ではないし、同じものを見て誰かは「気持ち悪い」と感じ誰かは「カワイイ」といい誰かは「格好いい」という可能性は充分にある（もちろん感性をアウトプットする感覚言語の選択の問題である可能性は鑑みた上で）。
キティちゃんはカワイイ。　ではそのかわいさは林檎何個分か？という定量化はできない。　仮にキティちゃんがリンゴ3個分カワイイとして（この時点でおかしいが）、では橋本環奈の可愛さはリンゴ何個分か？と他に適用するのも難しい。　ひとつの定規を他に対しても適用し比較するのが定量化だが、感性や感覚は絶対的ではないからこそ定量化できない。　感覚とは、対象の絶対値ではない。　あくまで受け取り手により一程度変動する曖昧なものでしかない。
そもそも言語は、脳内の概念を定量的に置き変えるための擬似的な手段でしかない。　強力ではあるが、絶対的なツールではない。　共通コミュニケーションの手段であり、かつ人間の膨大な思考を擬似的に捕まえるためのツール。　人間の内的世界の抽象を、外的に定量化するための文字や数字に還元することは難しいし、出力した時点でそれは内的な抽象と等価ではない。
人間は0や1を入力すればそのまま0や1で出力する単純な仕組みではない。　感想、批評だと言うが、ひとつの物語・作品に含まれる膨大な情報の中のごく一部だけを、独りの人間が己の感性という装置を通し、さらに言語に変換したものはその人間のものでしかなく、作品とは関係ない。　作品が良いか悪いか？　それはその作品を同じように観るしかない。　個々の感性により判断は異なり、価値もまた然り。　「誰かが○○と感じた作品（物語）だからそういう風に考える可能性が高いだろう」という目安にはなるが。
仮に可能であれば、作品を見ている脳の電位を直接計るしかないだろうが、それにしろさまざまなノイズが多く（少しでも他のことを考えればそれがノイズになりえる）実際的ではないだろう。
人間の美的感覚というのは定量化できず感覚を計るのに感覚を持って行うからこそ抽象的。　ファッションは、文字言語化できない感覚的な抽象を言語や数字などの言語記号に変換せず、直接的に形として表現し心理的効果として昇華したもの。

Journal of Neuroscience and Neuroengineering deals with all branches of neurosciences and engineering including neurobiology, neurochemistry, neuroanatomy, regenerative medicine, brain-computer (machine) interface, cognitive neuroscience, neural engineering, neuro-electronics and neural circuits/interfacing, neuroimaging using various modalities such as electroencephalography, ultrasound, x-rays computed tomography, magnetic resonance, fluorescence and optical microscopy, molecular and cellular neuroscience, neuro-immunology, neuro-oncology, neuro-pharmaceutics, neuro-physiology, neuropsychology, neuroprotection, neuroradiology, neuroregeneration, brain disorders and diseases, cerebrovascular disease, cerebrovascular/gene regulation, neurosensors, neurosurgery, neurotransmitters, nanoscale neuroscience, novel techniques for neuroscience applications, medical engineering technologies for nervous system, neurochips, biomedical engineering, rehabilitation, systems neuroscience/biology, laser and optoelectronics technologies for neuroscience applications, theoretical and computational neuroscience, metabolic networks, translational neuroscience and translational medicine, neuroendocrinology, neuroepidemiology, neuroergonomics, neurogenetics, nanomedicine, diseases of the nervous system and their treatment, drug design and drug discovery, drug/alcohol effects, toxicity, environment and health effects, biocompatibility materials for neuroscience applications, bioelectronics and biosensors, biomedicine and much more.

The Weber–Fechner law refers to two related laws in the field of psychophysics, known as Weber’s law and Fechner’s law. Both laws relate to human perception, more specifically the relation between the actual change in a physical stimulus and the perceived change. This includes stimuli to all senses: vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
Both Weber’s law and Fechner’s law were formulated by Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887). They were first published in 1860 in the work Elemente der Psychophysik (Elements of psychophysics). This publication was the first work ever in this field, and where Fechner coined the term psychophysics to describe the interdisciplinary study of how humans perceive physical magnitudes.

Loneliness is bad for you.

When you’re disconnected, your immune system goes to hell.

If we know that loneliness affects our immune response, it’s not surprising that it would happen at the level of DNA expression.

Few higher mammals are solitary. Humans are relatively helpless as individuals in the natural world. Part of what makes us so powerful is that we’ve banded together in small groups. And part of the pain of loneliness is the recognition that without other people we simply can’t survive.

The conceptual relationship between genes and the social world has shifted significantly during the past 20 years. As genes have come to be understood in concrete molecular terms, rather than as abstract heritability constructs, it has become clear that social factors can play a significant role in regulating the activity of the human genome. DNA encodes the potential for cellular behavior, but that potential is only realized if the gene is expressed—if its DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA and its translated proteins are what mediate cellular behaviors such as movement, metabolism, and biochemical response to external stimuli (e.g., neurotransmission or immune response). Absent their expression in the form of RNA, DNA genes have no effect on health or behavioral phenotypes. The development of DNA microarray and high-throughput RNA sequencing technologies now allows researchers to survey the expression of all human genes simultaneously and map the specific subset of genes that are active in a given cell at a given point in time—the RNA “transcriptome.” “Functional genomics” studies surveying RNA transcriptomes have shown that cells are highly selective about which genes they express, and humans’ DNA encodes a great deal more genetic potential than is actually realized in RNA. Even more striking has been the discovery that the social world outside one’s body can markedly influence these gene expression profiles.

女性はデリケートな生き物です。中には肉食系女子と呼ばれる人もいますが、大半はセックスに対してそれほど積極的ではありません。元々媚薬は、性欲があまりない女性のために開発されたと言われています。主に「性的刺激を受けても興奮しない」「オーガニズムに達しない」などと悩んでる女性が使うと効果があります。
女性の体はとても複雑で精神は繊細です。物理的な感情だけでオーガニズムに達することは難しく、精神的な感情も必要になります。媚薬は性的刺激を受けても興奮しない女性のために、オーガニズムに達するのを助長してくれます。また催淫作用により性欲を高め、精神的にもオーガニズムに達しやすい状態になります。気持ちの良いセックスをするには、ムードも大変重要です。媚薬はそのムード作りにも、一役買ってくれます。

The vulva, clitoris, and vagina are just the most superficial surfaces of what is really going on with us. The real activity is literally far, and far more complexly, under these tactile surfaces. The vulva, clitoris, and vagina are actually best understood as the surface of an ocean that is shot through with vibrant networks of underwater lightning – intricate and fragile, individually varied neural pathways. All these networks are continually sending their impulses to the spinal cord and brain, which then send new impulses back down through other fibers in the same nerves to produce various effects. This dense set of neural pathways extends throughout the entire pelvis, far underneath that outer vulvar skin and inner vaginal skin (though this last phrase too is not, medically, technically accurate: the skin inside the vagina is called, in one of the many unpleasant terms we have, to refer to something so lovely, mucous membrane or mucosa).

After being married for 23 years, I wanted sex but not a relationship. This is dicey because you can’t always control emotional attachments when body chemicals mix, but with the married men I guessed that the fact that they had wives, children and mortgages would keep them from going overboard with their affections. And I was right. They didn’t get overly attached, and neither did I. We were safe bets for each other.
I was careful about the men I met. I wanted to make sure they had no interest in leaving their wives or otherwise threatening all they had built together.

Part of an upper jaw with teeth found in Israel shows that modern humans ventured out of Africa much earlier than previously thought. The find adds to evidence that our species was overlapping with human relatives such as Neanderthals in the crossroads of the Levant for longer than previously realized.
Until recently, the fossil record suggested that our species, Homo sapiens, first appeared in East Africa around 200,000 years ago. While a larger wave of migration didn’t leave the continent until 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, small numbers of modern humans made forays outside of Africa as far back as 120,000 years ago, based on the known fossils. (Explore a map of human migration.)
Then, last June, research on fossils from a site called Jebel Irhoud in Morocco turned conventional wisdom on its head: Those modern-looking humans are up to 350,000 years old, scientists discovered, pushing back the early origins of our species.
The new Middle Eastern discovery, detailed today in Science, complements the Moroccan find by showing that Homo sapiens were also taking initial steps into Eurasia much earlier—around 180,000 years ago.

The species that you and all other living human beings on this planet belong to is Homo sapiens. During a time of dramatic climate change 200,000 years ago, Homo sapiens evolved in Africa. Like other early humans that were living at this time, they gathered and hunted food, and evolved behaviors that helped them respond to the challenges of survival in unstable environments.
Anatomically, modern humans can generally be characterized by the lighter build of their skeletons compared to earlier humans. Modern humans have very large brains, which vary in size from population to population and between males and females, but the average size is approximately 1300 cubic centimeters. Housing this big brain involved the reorganization of the skull into what is thought of as “modern” — a thin-walled, high vaulted skull with a flat and near vertical forehead. Modern human faces also show much less (if any) of the heavy brow ridges and prognathism of other early humans. Our jaws are also less heavily developed, with smaller teeth.
Scientists sometimes use the term “anatomically modern Homo sapiens” to refer to members of our own species who lived during prehistoric times.

３８億年前、地球上に生命が誕生して、その中の僅か２０万年前に種ヒトが誕生した。ヒトが誕生できたのは３８億年もの生物の歴史の積み重ねがあった。しかし、人が知恵を獲得することにより、自然界の流れに逆らって一気に生物界の頂点（ただし逆ピラミッド型）に立ってしまった。このことは、一気に自然界からしっぺ返しがくることにも繋がる。

Five nines, commonly taken to mean “99.999%”, may refer to:
• High availability of services, when the downtime is less than 5.26 minutes per year

部活動中の熱中症、いじめによる自殺、交通事故…。竹田市穴井迫の理美容師渡部千鶴さん（４６）は、不慮の死を遂げた子どもの肖像画を色鉛筆で描き続けている。人柄を表す柔らかさと写真のような精巧さがあり「子どもが戻ってきた」と絵を抱き締める母親も。これまでに１０人を手掛け、悲しみに暮れる家族に寄り添っている。

History followed different courses for different peoples because of differences among peoples’ environments, not because of biological differences among peoples themselves.

Is there any objective reality, outside the human imagination, in which we are truly equal? Are all humans equal to one another biologically? Let us try to translate the most famous line of the American Declaration of Independence into biological terms:

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men evolved differently, that they are born with certain mutable characteristics, and that among these are life and the pursuit of pleasure.

On this planet, at least, we’re all carbon-based organisms, and we all “inhale” something and “exhale” something else. I use quotation marks simply because the breathing mechanism is very different from animals to plants.

All animals and plants share similar cell structures with a cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, and cytoplasm. Plant cells also have a cell wall and chloroplasts. They also share the same genetic code and a common ancestor some 1.6 billion years ago.

Should parents be troubled when their kids start to deceive them?
Odds are, most of us would say yes. We believe honesty is a moral imperative, and we try to instill this belief in our children. Classic morality tales like “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” and “Pinocchio” speak to the dangers of dishonesty, and children who lie a lot, or who start lying at a young age, are often seen as developmentally abnormal, primed for trouble later in life.
But research suggests the opposite is true. Lying is not only normal; it’s also a sign of intelligence.

Conscient ou inconscient, le fantasme sexuel est une rêverie, une envie, une image ou un sentiment plus ou moins réaliste.
…
En fait, il est l’organe sexuel le plus performant! La pensée est directement liée à l’excitation sexuelle et possède un pouvoir inouï sur l’organisme.

To test the relationship between ambient temperature and personality, we conducted two large-scale studies in two geographically large yet culturally distinct countries: China and the United States. Using data from 59 Chinese cities (N = 5,587), multilevel analyses and machine learning analyses revealed that compared with individuals who grew up in regions with less clement temperatures, individuals who grew up in regions with more clement temperatures (that is, closer to 22 °C) scored higher on personality factors related to socialization and stability (agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability) and personal growth and plasticity (extraversion and openness to experience). These relationships between temperature clemency and personality factors were replicated in a larger dataset of 12,499 ZIP-code level locations (the lowest geographical level feasible) in the United States (N = 1,660,638).

J’estime que les douleurs sont incommensurables, plutôt incommunicables, et …

While improvements in training and nutrition in the 20th century saw athletic achievement improve in leaps and bounds, many scientists believe we’re now extremely close to reaching the human body’s full potential for endurance sports. This means that the era of record-breaking, at least as far as professional runners are concerned, could be coming to an end. To break the natural limits of human physiology and beat existing records, athletes may have to turn to artificial technology and doping.

「ミスをするな」と言えば高確率でミスをするように人の脳はできてる。
ミスを意識させるのではなくて、どうやったら上手くできるかを意識させることができれば、自ずとミスは減る。
それを理解してる指導者が世界にはどれだけ少ないことか。

The brain has about 10¹⁴ synapses and we only live for about 10⁹ seconds. So we have a lot more parameters than data. This motivates the idea that we must do a lot of unsupervised learning since the perceptual input (including proprioception) is the only place we can get 10⁵ dimensions of constraint per second.

Humanism is a perspective on the world that the events one experiences and observes are not attributable to the will of one or more Supreme Beings or other invisible beings, but are fully comprehensible by humans through science and other intellectual endeavors. A Supreme Being is neither necessary nor sufficient to understand the world; the intellectual efforts of humans, collectively, are necessary and sufficient.
Humanitarianism is a synonym for charity but the “ism” suffix signifies a more institutional, or at least long- standing, perspective or approach, whereas “charity” can simply refer to one-off acts as well as a broader attitude. Humanitarianism also tends to refer to a secular attitude more often than charity which is used in a religious context as well as a secular one.

縁とは何か。それは計量不可能な、感覚的かつ個人的な尺度です。客観的に比較できるものではなく、「なんとなくこっちがいいなあ」と感じるということ。それが縁です。
長期的な視野に立つ必要があるときには、感覚的な判断が必要です。「なんとなく」という感覚のほうが、目先の損得よりも、正確でバランスの取れた判断となる。
縁とは何か。これを論理的に語ることは難しいのですが、少なくとも心理学的には、僕らは「自分の知る何かに似ているもの」に対して、縁を感じるようです。
一瞬で「縁」があるか、ないかを判断するなんて、非科学的だと思われるかもしれません。でも、僕らはさまざまなことを「一瞬」で判断しているものなんです。
この感覚を磨いていく。映画のポスターを見て、面白そうかどうかを瞬時に判断する。レストランの前で、美味しそうかどうかを判断する。
「似ている」「同じだ」という類似性の回路を働かせれば、一瞬にして「ここは自分にとって、縁のある場所かどうか」を判断できるようになってくるんです。

横田一：「フリーの横田です。前原代表が昨日、（民進党の両院議員総会で）所属議員向けに希望の党に公認申請をすれば排除されないという説明をしたんですが、一方で知事は、安保、改憲を考慮して一致しない人は公認しないと。言っていることが違うと思うんですが、前原代表を騙したんでしょうか。それとも共謀して、そういうことを言ったんでしょうか」
小池百合子：「すみません。横田さん。そのご質問は、この後、ちょっと場所を転換して、お答えをさせていただいた方が良いのではないかと思いますし、独特の言語を使っておられるなと今思ったところでございます。（中略）私は今、都知事としての会見をやっているわけですから、ちょっと待ってくださいね」
**
小池百合子：「では、横田さんもう一回いきますか」
横田一：「繰り返しになりますが、前原代表が昨日発言した『公認申請すれば排除されない』ということについて（中略）前原代表をダマしたのでしょうか。共謀して、リベラル派大量虐殺とも言われているんですが……」
小池百合子：「音声入ってないの？」
横田一：「最初から（言いますか）？」
小池百合子：「わかりました、お答えします。前原代表がどういう表現をされたか承知をいたしておりませんけれども、排除をされないということは、ございませんで、排除いたします」

A forgotten memory is a lot like an old file on your computer. While the document still exists, you don’t have a good way of getting to it, and today many memory researchers don’t even use the word “forgetting.” The term implies that a recollection is gone forever. Instead, forgetting is a matter of “retrieval failure.”

• By its very nature the beautiful is isolated from everything else. From beauty no road leads to reality.
• Only the mob and the elite can be attracted by the momentum of totalitarianism itself. The masses have to be won by propaganda.
• The most radical revolutionary will become a conservative the day after the revolution.
• Nothing we use or hear or touch can be expressed in words that equal what is given by the senses.
• Economic growth may one day turn out to be a curse rather than a good, and under no conditions can it either lead into freedom or constitute a proof for its existence.
• The sad truth is that most evil is done by people who never make up their minds to be good or evil.

In short, I am proposing that dissonance, that is, the existence of nonfitting relations among cognitions, is a motivating factor in its own right. By the term cognition I mean any knowledge, opinion, or belief about the environment, about oneself, or about one’s behavior. Cognitive dissonance reduction can be seen as an antecedent condition which leads to activity oriented towards dissonance reduction just as hunger leads to activity oriented towards hunger reduction. It is a very different motivation from what psychologist are used to dealing with but, as we shall see, nonetheless powerful.

Like the rest of your body, your brain changes with each passing year. From the time we are infants, our brains are adapting, learning, making memories and more. We become smarter and sharper, earning the wisdom that truly only comes with life experience. The less desirable effects of the march of time can certainly be felt, too. You may recognize them: An ever-lost set of keys, a to-do that never seems to stay top of mind, a name that’s on the tip of your tongue.
Once we hit our sixties, … the brain has begun to shrink in size and, after a lifetime of gaining accumulated knowledge, it becomes less efficient at accessing that knowledge and adding to it.

創造力研究序説（創造の過程/創造性の主な学説）
創造力の心理学的構成要素（心象形成作用/形のない認識/原始的認識/概念的認識）
創造の所産（機知における創造力/詩と美的家庭/絵画・音楽/宗教的、神秘的経験/科学/哲学と一般システム理論）
創造性と社会・文化的環境（社会・文化と創造/創造発生社会）
個人と創造力の陶冶（創造的人間/個人における創造力の陶冶）
神経学・生物学・一般システム理論、そして人間精神の広い視野からみた創造性（創造性の神経学と生物学的な創造性/いくつかの一般的問題点と結論）

メディアに同調する人たちの脳は、社会のルールを破った人や異端者を糾弾することで快感を得るように出来ています。脳に、社会のために役立とうとする「向社会性」という働きがあるからです。脳がその集団自体が壊れてしまう危険性を感じると、異端者を一斉に排除しようとする働きを見せるわけです。
サイコパスの脳は、この「向社会性」を持たないため、異端者を糾弾することの快感を覚えません。「そんなことをしても自分には一円の得にもならない」と合理的に判断し、集団の総意に沿った言動を取らないのです。これを「反社会性」といいます。トランプ氏はその典型例でしょう。
**
脳は負荷が高い器官です。全身のたった二%の重量しかないのに二五%の酸素を使い、二〇%のカロリーを消費します。だから大衆は、脳で一生懸命考えるより、脳を使わずパッと理解できる説明を好みます。また大衆は発言の根拠や裏づけの検証はしない。トランプ氏はそのことをよく知っています。

A wise man once told me, “As a man, you have to die once in order to live.” I never fully appreciated his advice, nor did I understand it until I experienced it firsthand. From that time on, I understood the origins of the Jerk vs. Nice Guy battle. Readers may be asking themselves, “What in the world is this guy talking about?” Well, I’m referring to the widely known fact that women habitually date men that are jerks while the “nice” guys are often left twiddling their thumbs in solitaire. Does this sound familiar to anyone? Figuratively speaking, in order for a man to enjoy the company of women and be able to seduce them, his inner nice guy must first die through heartache. It is at this point that his inner bad boy surfaces and goes on the prowl.

Many reach the top by being conspicuously caring – demonstrating a lifelong dedication to their broader communities and to helping others in their social worlds. Think Mother Theresa. On the other hand, there are relatively dark ways to reach the top in nearly all human social contexts. Displaying characteristics of the Dark Triad – being uncaring about others, self-absorbed, and manipulative – for better or worse, seems to also be an effective route to the top. It may not be a nice approach to social life, but it can be a successful one – particularly if others in the community allow this kind of strategy to succeed. Does Donald Trump demonstrate the features of the Dark Triad? Based on my expert opinion having published extensively in this area of psychology, I think the answer is this: Absolutely and unequivocally.

You may have heard people call someone else a “psychopath” or a “sociopath.” But what do those words really mean?
Doctors don’t officially diagnose people as psychopaths or sociopaths. They use a different term instead: antisocial personality disorder.
Most experts believe psychopaths and sociopaths share a similar set of traits. People like this have a poor inner sense of right and wrong. They also can’t seem to understand or share another person’s feelings. But there are some differences, too.
A key difference between a psychopath and a sociopath is whether he has a conscience, the little voice inside that lets us know when we’re doing something wrong.
A psychopath doesn’t have a conscience. If he lies to you so he can steal your money, he won’t feel any moral qualms, though he may pretend to. He may observe others and then act the way they do so he’s not “found out.”
A sociopath typically has a conscience, but it’s weak. He may know that taking your money is wrong, and he might feel some guilt or remorse, but that won’t stop his behavior.
Both lack empathy, the ability to stand in someone else’s shoes and understand how they feel. But a psychopath has less regard for others. Someone with this personality type sees others as objects he can use for his own benefit.

The evolutionary pressures leading to the appearance of the cecal appendix, its evolutionary relationships with the cecum, and the link between these gastrointestinal characters and ecology remain controversial. We collected data on appendix presence and size, other gastrointestinal characters, ecological variables, dietary habits, and social characters hypothesized to drive appendix evolution for 533 mammalian species. Using phylogeny-informed analyses, we identified the first evidence of a positive correlation between appendix presence and cecal apex thickness, and a correlation with cecal morphology, suggesting that the appendix and cecum may be evolving as a module, the cecoappendicular complex. A correlation between appendix presence and concentration of cecal lymphoid tissue supports the hypothesis of an adaptive immune function for this complex. Other new findings include an inverse correlation between relative cecum length and habitat breadth, and positive relationships between cecum length and mean group size, and between colon length and weaning age.

Yawning 　The main purpose of yawning is to cool down the brain after it’s been overheated or overloaded.
Sneezing 　Usually, we sneeze when our nasal passages fill up with too many allergens, microbes, dust, or other irritants. Sneezing is the body’s way of getting rid of this “trash.”
Stretching 　We instinctively stretch in order to prepare our bodies for the physical loads we expect them to take during the day. At the same time, stretching works the muscles, restores blood flow, and improves our mood.
Hiccuping 　When we eat very quickly, swallow large pieces of food, or simply overeat, our pneumogastric nerve can become irritated. This is closely connected to our stomach and diaphragm. The result is a bout of hiccups.

While a machine can perform a given task, often more efficiently than we can, what it lacks is the artistry in the activity, that uniquely human ability to cater to the needs of the individual. The protocol may suggest one approach, but a person who is good at their job understands when to adjust and the subtleties that are required.
People still matter. And that’s an important point to keep in mind. Even in scenarios that don’t involve advanced education like physicians, it doesn’t mean that we as humans don’t want to interact with people instead of machines.
Technology marches relentlessly forward, and it would be foolish to argue otherwise, but some things remain fundamental, and people-to-people communication will continue to be one of them. Just because the tech is available, doesn’t mean it’s always going to be the best option in every situation.

Following most major accidents, one phrase is almost guaranteed to headline in the popular press: ‘human error’. The concept is also popular in our own discipline and profession; it is probably among the most profitable in terms of research and consultancy dollars. While seductively simple to the layperson, it comes with a variety of meanings and interpretations with respect to causation and culpability. With its evocative associations, synonyms, and position in our own models, ‘human error’ is a key anchoring object in everyday and specialist narratives. Despite our efforts to look at what lies beneath, explanations, both in industry and the judiciary, often float back what people can see, with hindsight, at the surface. Our scientists’, designers’ and analysts’ perspectives are overpowered by common sense, management and legal perspectives. And the pervasive nature of the term clouds other ways of seeing that recognise the need for adjustments, variability and trade-offs in performance.

人間は間違いを犯す生き物で、神様でもない限りこれを避けて生きることはできません。さらに、人間は間違いを隠す生き物でもあり、自己正当化のためには事実をねじ曲げるばかりか、ときにはそのような事実がなかったことにさえしてしまいます。
他方で、人びとがあえて自らの間違いを認めた場合の社会的反応は決して悪いものではありません。実は私たちには間違いを肯定的にとらえ、イノベーションや将来の制度設計に活かしていくという可能性が開かれているのです。

ゴルトンが人種改良の結果に着目し、その望ましさを強調したのに対し、ハクスリーはそのような結果に至る過程で何が生じるか、そのような過程を遂行するために何が必要かに着目し、結果の望ましさを打ち消してあまりあるほどの問題点があることを指摘したのである。ハクスリーの指摘は、次のようにまとめることができょう。（1）優生政策を成功させるためには、途方もない残忍な手段が要求されるので、これは倫理的に望ましくない。（2）人間に対する人為淘汰を行なうためには、人の性格や品性を、とくに幼年期のうちに見抜けるほど優れた観察力や知性を備えた判定者が必要であるが、そんな人間はいないので、適切な淘汰を行なうことが不可能である。さらに、（3）このような条件のもとで、つまり残忍な手段を用い、超人的な知性が要求されるという条件のもとで、このような政策を行なおうとすることは、社会の中で人々を結びつけている特有の絆を壊す危険性が高い、ということも指摘されている。
ゴルトン自身が1869年以後に行った遺伝と統計についての研究によっても、65年の論文あるいは69年の著書で構想したような「人種改良」の試みにはきわめて大きな困難があることが明らかになってきた。1870年代の後半にゴルトンが行なったスイートピーの育種実験によって、第一世代の平均より重い種（の一グループ）から得られた第二世代の種も、重さの分布は正規分布に従うことがわかっただけでなく、その平均値は、その重いグループの平均値ではなく、もとの世代全体の平均値の方へ近づくという「先祖返り」あるいは「退化」を示すことが明らかになった。さらに、1880年代に入って、ゴルトンは人体測定研究所を開いて人間のデータを集め始めたが、両親の身長と、成人した子供の身長を比較した統計データからも、まったく同じような「退化」の傾向があることが明らかになった。つまり、身長の大きな両親から産まれた子供の平均身長も、両親の平均身長よりは一世代全体の平均値の方へ近づく（「退化する」）のである。数学的解析の結果わかったのは、これは遺伝とは直接関係がなく、統計的な操作がもつ数学的性質の一つだということであり、ゴルトンが「退化の係数」と呼んだものは「回帰係数」と名づけ直されることになった。

How similar are the experiences of social rejection and physical pain? Extant research suggests that a network of brain regions that support the affective but not the sensory components of physical pain underlie both experiences. Here we demonstrate that when rejection is powerfully elicited—by having people who recently experienced an unwanted break-up view a photograph of their ex-partner as they think about being rejected—areas that support the sensory components of physical pain (secondary somatosensory cortex; dorsal posterior insula) become active. We demonstrate the overlap between social rejection and physical pain in these areas by comparing both conditions in the same individuals using functional MRI. We further demonstrate the specificity of the secondary somatosensory cortex and dorsal posterior insula activity to physical pain by comparing activated locations in our study with a database of over 500 published studies. Activation in these regions was highly diagnostic of physical pain, with positive predictive values up to 88%. These results give new meaning to the idea that rejection “hurts.” They demonstrate that rejection and physical pain are similar not only in that they are both distressing—they share a common somatosensory representation as well.

Since the start of civilization, the source of human intelligence and consciousness has been a mystery. … While much was learned about brain anatomy and function, our understanding remained very limited. In fact, through most of the twentieth century, it was believed that the brain was fixed, immutable, and static. Today, we know that the brain has great plasticity and can change, adapt, and transform. It is molded by experience, repetition, and intention. It is only because of the extraordinary technological advances over the last few decades that we can see the brain’s ability to transform on a cellular, genetic, and even molecular level. Extraordinarily, as I learned, each of us has the ability to change the very circuitry of our brain.

While a little common sense and life experience can demonstrate the imperfections in your (and everyone else’s) memory, Schacter’s research points to two important things: we’re no good at recalling past events or imagining the future because our process for doing either is essentially the same—at least as far as our brain functionality is concerned. While this points to much more of a problem than a solution, it certainly helps to remember that no memory is perfect and we’re all designed to recall with error. Next time someone gets something wrong, it’s at least worth remembering that.

私たちは、例えば、肩に不快感があったとき肩が凝った、お腹の具合が悪ければお腹の調子が悪いというように認識します。しかし、胸部に不快がある場合は、胸が苦しいと認識するよりも、心が苦しいと認識するところがあります。これは、人間の体は、感情と胸部の感覚が連動する造りになっているということを示す事象だと考えています。
私たちには、心に関する大きな思い込みがあると考えています。それは、『人には心があり、心が自分そのものだ』といった感覚です。
自分の心がどこにあるのかを感じてみて下さい。「脳が考えるのだから頭にあると思う」などと、どこにあるのかと考えるのではなく、どこにあると感じるかです。人によって感じる場所に多少の違いがあるのですが、多くの人は、胸の中央の部分に感じると思います。

A good friend and colleague, a real extrovert, sent me a link to a shirt recently that she knew I’d appreciate. “Sorry I’m late,” the T-shirt reads. “I didn’t want to be here.”
I laughed — of course I laughed. I’m as introverted as she is outgoing, and we frequently play out our roles in tandem. At parties, she takes the lead; at meetings, she does the talking. I get to nod and smile.
But the shirt also made me wince, because it perfectly encapsulated the suspicion I’ve started to develop that my introversion is an excuse for something else. I’m shy, yes. But am I also rude? In a contest between my manners and my preferences, am I allowing my preferences to win?
**
Years ago, I was habitually late. “I can’t help it!” I declared to an expert in time management.
“Have you ever missed a plane?” she asked. I had not. “Then you can help it. You just care more about yourself than about the needs of others.”

ゴキブリの仲間は世界から約3700種も記録され、日本にも50種以上が分布しています。しかし、そのほとんどは人間の生活とは関係なく、 腐食などを食べて細ぼそと暮らしている野の虫で、家の中の“おじゃま虫”になっているのはほんの一握りの種類だけです。日本で知られている屋内性の種類はせいぜい10種たらずです。
ゴキブリは原始的な昆虫で、その化石が３億年以上も前の石炭紀後期の地層からいくつも発見されています。彼らから見れば人間とのつき合いは“ついきのう”始まったばかりです。が、その間、一部の種類は野外から人間の家屋に進出することに成功しました。もちろん、野外とはあまりにも違う屋内に適応できた種類はわずかしかいません。しかし、この壁を乗り越え、“ただの虫”から“害虫”へと変身を遂げた瞬間から彼らには今日の繁栄が約束されていました。
屋内性のゴキブリのなかには、もうすっかり人間との同居生活に適応し、本来の原産地がどこなのか定かではない種類までいます。 彼らが「人造害虫」と呼ばれているゆえんです。
以前、ある生物学の大家がゴキブリのあまりの横行に、「人類のあと地球を継承するのはゴキブリであろう」との新説を唱えたことがあります。 しかし、決してそうはならないでしょう。試しに、冬のさなかに数日間暖房を切って窓を開けておけばゴキブリは全滅します。それが彼らの本来の姿です。屋内性のゴキブリはまさしく人類とは“運命共同体”です。生活を依存している人間の文明が失われたら彼らの生活も終わり、再びもとの自然界に戻ることすら難しいことになるでしょう。 その前に、人類が次の時代をほかの動物にゆだねるような、そんなりっぱな滅亡の仕方ができるかどうかの方が問題かもしれません。

What do we know about Consciousness?

• Consciousness is associated with some complex, adaptive, biological networks (not immune system nor enteric nervous system)
• Consciousness does not require behavior
• Consciousness does not require emotions
• Consciousness can be dissociated from selective attention
• Consciousness does not require language — babies are shown to be conscious
• Consciousness does not require self-consciousness
• Consciousness does not require long-term memory
• Consciousness can occur in one cerebral hemisphere – which means that we could have 2 simultaneous separate conscious experiences
• Destruction of cortical regions interferes with specific content of consciousness – which indicates that there is not a “center of consciousness” in the brain, but it arises from distributed activity

These facts are very interesting, and provide us with a specific lens to form hypotheses on how consciousness works, and could be created.

人類は、自分たちが生物のなかでもっとも優れ、宇宙の中心を占めている存在だと、数千年のあいだ信じてきた。ところが今では、この確信は根底から揺るがされ、決定的に否定されたはずだ。まず、私たちが住んでいるのは、宇宙の辺境に位置する銀河系の、まったくとるに足らない一惑星にすぎないことがわかり、地球を中心に置く宇宙の概念を捨てなければならなくなった。さらには、人間はほかの動物とよく似ていて、人類の起源さえも動物にあるのだと認めなければならなかった。なんという敗北だろう。

For thousands of years, we were sure that we were the most exalted of living beings, and at the center of the universe, but in recent times that conviction has been painfully contradicted, and our certainties profoundly shaken. Just think: first we had to abandon the geocentric system, recognizing that we live on a very insignificant planet in a galaxy at the edge of the universe. Then we had to accept our resemblance to other animals, and even our descent from certain animals. What a slap in the face!

スポーツ万能な人のことを「運動神経がいい人だ」なんて言いますよね。ところが、医学的にいうとこの表現はあり得ないのです。なぜなら、運動オンチの人もスポーツ万能の人も、みんな運動神経は同じものだからです。この運動神経というものは鍛えて太くなるものでもありませんし、生まれつき特別に発達しているものでもありません。ですから、スポーツ選手は特別な運動神経を持っているわけではないのです。では、スポーツ選手とあなたの運動能力に差があるのはなぜでしょう？ 筋肉の発達は大きな要素ですが、それ以上に運動能力に深く関係があるのは、実は小脳の中の記憶なのです。たとえば、長い距離を泳ぐための練習を繰り返したとします。最初は５メートルも泳げなかったとしても、練習を繰り返していくと、次第に長い距離を泳げるようになっていきますよね。これは練習を繰り返すことで、小脳の中に筋肉をもっとも効率よく動かせる回路が作り出されたからなのです。訓練というのは、何度も何度も練習することによって「どの筋肉を、どの程度動かせば長い距離を泳げるのか」といったことを試行錯誤し、小脳の中に最適な動きをするための回路をつくっていく作業のことなのです。ですから、訓練を繰り返し、小脳にその情報を叩き込むことができれば、誰だって運動能力を向上させることができる、というわけです。

Even if scientists develop the technology to create an artificial brain, there is no evidence that this process will automatically generate a mind.
The technological singularity has a longer tail than the law of accelerating returns suggests. Nothing on earth operates in a vacuum, and before we can create AI machines capable of supporting human intelligence, we need to understand what we’re attempting to imitate. Not ethically or morally, but technically. Before we can even think of re-creating the human brain, we need to unlock the secrets of the human mind.

• Since the verbal/language revolution around 70,000 years ago, human beings live within “imaginary orders” such as countries, borders, religion, money, all created by man in order to enable large-scale cooperation between different individual human beings.
• Humankind’s immense ability to give meaning to its actions and thoughts is what enabled it to carry out its many achievements.
• Humanism, worship of humankind, putting mankind and its desires as a top priority in the world while basing itself as the dominant being.
• The threat which technology has over humankind and humanism and the continued ability of humankind to give meaning to its life under new conditions which have arisen and prophesying the coming replacement of humankind with a super-man or a Homo Deus (God-man) endowed with supernatural abilities such as eternal life.

When Ingrid Carey says she feels colors, she does not mean she sees red, or feels blue, or is green with envy. She really does feel them.
She can also taste them, and hear them, and smell them.
The 20-year-old junior at the University of Maine has synesthesia, a rare neurological condition in which two or more of the senses entwine. Numbers and letters, sensations and emotions, days and months are all associated with colors for Carey.
The letter “N” is sienna brown; “J” is light green; the number “8” is orange; and July is bluish-green.

Brain networks show increased connectivity
from front to back and within one hemisphere in males, suggesting their brains are structured to facilitate connectivity between perception and coordinated action (upper)
from left to right and between hemispheres in females, suggesting that they facilitate communication between the analytical and intuition (lower).

コンピューターを使えば、人間では不可能な回数のシミュレーションを行い、多くのデザイン案を検討することができるようになり、そこから最適なものを選ぶことが可能になります。そして3Dプリンターの技術が発展すれば、データをそのまま使って特注の建築パーツを低コストでつくれるようになり、本当に自由に欲しい建築、望まれる建築が実現できるようになると考えます。
コンピューターがデザイン案を出すというと、無機質で冷たい建築になりそうなイメージがありますが、決してそうではありません。さまざまな条件をまとめて多くの人が求めるものを導くわけですから、人間が頭の中で整理して単純な形をデザインするよりも、もっと、人々に愛される形が提案でき、むしろ人間味あふれるものになるかもしれません。
きっと将来は、たくさんの条件やひとりひとりの要望に最適にデザインされた建築が、今よりもっと無駄なく低コストでつくれるようになるのではないでしょうか。そして難しいことや、面倒で時間がかかることはコンピューターに任せて、人間も建築ももっと自由でクリエイティブになれるのではないでしょうか。

From their beginnings in Africa, the modern humans went first to Asia between 80,000 and 60,000 years ago. By 45,000 years ago, or possibly earlier, they had settled Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia. The moderns entered Europe around 40,000 years ago, probably via two routes: from Turkey along the Danube corridor into eastern Europe, and along the Mediterranean coast. By 35,000 years ago, they were firmly established in most of the Old World. The Neanderthals, forced into mountain strongholds in Croatia, the Iberian Peninsula, the Crimea and elsewhere, would become extinct 25,000 years ago. Finally, around 15,000 years ago, humans crossed from Asia to North America and from there to South America.

人に好かれたい、一目おかれる存在になりたい、できるヤツだと評価されたい…。私たちは常に他者の目を気にして生きています。他者から良い評価を得られれば、自尊心も高まり、幸せになれると思っています。しかし、他者から良い評価を得ようとすればするほど、私たちは幸せから遠ざかっている可能性があります。人から何かを得ようとするのではなく、人のために何かをし、人の幸せに貢献することこそ、良い対人関係、高い自尊心、そして幸せへの近道なのではないでしょうか。
文化が異なれば、人の考え方も行動も異なることは、海外経験があまりない人にとっても、もはや常識です。日本人が欧米人とどのように異なっているかを研究することも大切ですが、私は、文化がこれだけ異なっていても、人として共通する部分があることが面白いと感じています。たとえば「甘え」という言葉は日本語にしか存在せず、日本人特有であると言われていますが、アメリカ人も甘えることがあり、日本でも、アメリカでも、甘えが対人関係を促進することが明らかになりました。

We can be blind to the obvious, and we are also blind to our blindness.

When people believe a conclusion is true, they are also very likely to believe arguments that appear to support it, even when these arguments are unsound.

I am one man among seven billion others. For the past 40 years, I have been photographing our planet and its human diversity, and I have the feeling that humanity is not making any progress. We can’t always manage to live together.
Why is that?
I didn’t look for an answer in statistics or analysis, but in man himself.

人が二人。
寛容であること。
親しみや思いやり。
優しさ。
惻隠の心。
無関心の対極。
種子の中の芽となる部分。
なくてはならぬ一番大切なもの。
人間関係の基本。

国益、つまり経済的見知から考えて核の行使にはまったくメリットがない、ということであれば誰が予算をつぎ込むか。核実験にはメリットがあると考えているから行われるのである。
そして、これは先日、明治大学の水俣展において「自分が公的な立場に立ったなら、水俣病患者ではなく工場の社員や市民生活を守ろうとするのではないか」と答えた人が全体の半数以上存在したことと無関係ではない。私たちにとって優先されるべきことは、多くの場合は所属している集団、組織の利益である。
その意味において、日本が原爆の被害者であり続けるという感覚はどこかで（）で括らなければならないだろう。それはそれとして、人間は時として他者の生命よりも「所属集団の利益のために行動する」ことが正しいと感じ、そうしたいと願ってしまう、きわめて社会的な存在であるという理解。
原発に関してもしかり。私だけは違うという安易な発想は棄てるべきである。所属集団への忠誠や利益供与のために行動したいと感じる個人を悪とせず、そういう傾向のある『人間という種』が、重大な決断をする場合の手順や方法論を、世界がいっしょに模索していく時期に来ている。

• アセクシュアル（Asexual）：　誰にも対しても、性的に惹かれることがない人
• アロマンティック（Aromantic）：　人に対して恋愛感情を殆ど、または全く感じない人
• グレーセクシュアル（Graysexual）：　アセクシュアルと性的な人の中間にいる人
• デミセクシュアル（Demisexual）：　強い感情的な絆がすでに築かれている関係の場合のみ、人に対して性的に惹かれる人
• デミロマンティック（Demiromantic）：　強い感情的な絆がすでに築かれている関係の場合のみ、人に対して恋愛感情を抱く人
• リスロマンティック（Lithromantic）：　恋愛感情はあるが、両思いになりたくない人
• パンセクシュアル（Pansexual）：　性的・感情的・精神的に、全てのジェンダーの人と恋に落ちることができる人
• ポリセクシュアル（Polysexual）：　複数のジェンダーのタイプの人に惹かれる人（一部のジェンダーとは付き合う能力、願望がない）
• パンロマンティック（Panromantic）：　性的ではなくプラトニックな恋愛感情の面で、全ての性別やジェンダーの人に惹かれる人
• スコリオセクシュアル（Skoliosexual）：　男性・女性に基づいた通常の性別の概念に当てはまらない人たちに性的に惹かれる人
• クィアプラトニック関係：　いわゆる恋愛関係ではないが、親密で感情的な絆が存在する関係（通常の友情よりも、もっと深くてもっと情熱的な関係）
• ズッキーニ（Zucchini）：　クィアプラトニックな関係にいる相手のパートナー

Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety of life on Earth. It comprises all living things including their unique genetic make-up and ranges from microscopic viruses to the largest animals on the planet such as the blue whale, small algae and big plants such as the giant sequoia, and the expansive landscapes comprised of a variety of ecosystems. Humans are also an integral part of biodiversity.

Ever since the Cognitive Revolution, Sapiens have thus been living in a dual reality. On the one hand, the objective reality of rivers, trees and lions; and on the other hand, the imagined reality of gods, nations and corporations. As time went by, the imagined reality became ever more powerful, so that today the very survival of rivers, trees and lions depends on the grace of imagined entities such as the United States and Google.

We never stop investigating. We are never satisfied that we know enough to get by. Every question we answer leads on to another question. This has become the greatest survival trick of our species.

I viewed my fellow man not as a fallen angel, but as a risen ape.

Biologically speaking, if something bites you, it is more likely to be female.

Ce n’est pas normal que l’excellence soit associée à l’image du costard, que « l’homme de l’année » ne soit presque jamais une femme en couverture des magazines etc…

Le sujet semble vieux comme le monde, et pourtant en 2015, la situation n’a toujours pas été résolue : la différence entre hommes et femmes, dans les milieux professionnels, est une réalité qui touche une grande majorité des secteurs de l’industrie. Dans l’écosystème de l’entrepreneuriat et du numérique, ce fossé est encore plus vaste.

Une philosophie de la nature proposant de renouer avec le rapport au monde, au réel, au temps et à la vie du paganisme grec.

L’homme est un animal qui, pour vivre, a besoin d’illusions. L’animal, non. Les hommes ont donc inventé un ciel intelligible, des dieux, puis un dieu, un paradis et un enfer, sinon un purgatoire. Ils ont eu besoin d’un sacré qui permet à la pensée magique de se donner libre cours – de la secte à la religion, en passant par les divers cultes spirituels, intellectuels, philosophiques ( adhérer à une école, avec un catéchisme, souscrire à une mythologie, à des rites , sacrifier à la notion de transcendance, récuser l’immanence, communier de façon tribale, etc Nous vivons dans la pensée magique… L’animal incarne le retour du refoulé qui nous gêne : il est, comme le nez au milieu de la figure, le rappel de ce que nous étions, sommes encore et serons toujours : un mammifère. D’où les rites de conjuration de cette animalité en nous. Au lieu de sculpter notre part animale, nous la détruisons avec véhémence. Notre acharnement à faire souffrir les animaux est en exacte relation avec la dénégation de notre part animale : quand un humain fait souffrir un animal, il jouit de n’en être pas un , du moins le croit-il, mais il montre par-là même la supériorité de l’animal sur l’homme : car seul ce dernier jouit de faire souffrir et de tuer, le premier tue pour manger et assurer la vie et la survie de son espèce.
Les hommes ne veulent pas mourir et pourrir – comme les animaux.

There are, put simply, two Greeces: one official, one unofficial. Official Greece is dysfunctional; unofficial Greece works quite well. The official, theoretical Greece has checks and balances. The unofficial, reality-based Greece turns a blind eye when people break rules and dodge taxes.

There is, in fact, no incompatibility between the principles of feminism and the possibility that men and women are not psychologically identical. To repeat: equality is not the empirical claim that all groups of humans are interchangeable; it is the moral principle that individuals should not be judged or constrained by the average properties of their group. In the case of gender, the barely defeated Equal Rights Amendment put it succinctly: “Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex. If we recognize this principle, no one has to spin myths about the indistinguishability of the sexes to justify equality. Nor should anyone invoke sex differences to justify discriminatory policies or to hector women into doing what they don’t want to do.

イデオロギーによる人間平等の擁護は、同一性の主張にもとづいており、同一性が存在しないことが証明されれば、そのとたんに、平等に対する支持も失われてしまう

As a consequence, democracy can be interpreted to assert not only equality before the law but also essentialistic identity in all respects. This is expressed in the claim, “All men are created equal,” which is something very different from the statement, “All men have equal rights and are equal before the law.” Anyone who believes in the genetic uniqueness of every individual thereby believes in the conclusion, “No two individuals are created equal.”