4 thoughts on “United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)”

1. shinichi Post author09/10/2023 at 12:02 am

   United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)

   Preamble

   https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_Biological_Diversity

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2. shinichi Post author09/10/2023 at 12:02 am

   CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

   Preamble

   ⁠The Contracting Parties.

   ⁠Conscious of the intrinsic value of biological diversity and of the ecological, genetic, social, economic, scientific, educational, cultural, recreational and aesthetic values of biological diversity and its components.

   ⁠Conscious also of the importance of biological diversity for evolution and for maintaining life sustaining systems of the biosphere.

   ⁠Affirming that the conservation of biological diversity is a common concern of humankind.

   ⁠Reaffirming that States have sovereign rights over their own biological resources, ​

   ⁠Reaffirming also that States are responsible for conserving their biological diversity and for using their biological resources in a sustainable manner.

   ⁠Concerned that biological diversity is being significantly reduced by certain human activities.

   ⁠Aware of the gênerai lack of information and knowledge regarding biological diversity and of the urgent need to develop scientific, technical and institutional capacities to provide the basic understanding upon which to plan and implement appropriate measures.

   ⁠Noting that it is vital to anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity at source.

   ⁠Noting also that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat.

   ⁠Noting further that the fundamental requirement for the conservation of biological diversity is the in-situ conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings. ​

   ⁠Noting further that ex-si tu measures, preferably in the country of origin, also have an important role to play.

   ⁠Recognizing the close and traditional dependence of many indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles on biological resources, and the desirability of sharing equitably benefits arising from the use of traditional knowledge, innovations and practices relevant to the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components.

   ⁠Recognizing ai so the vital role that women play in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and affirming the neea for the full participation of women at all levels of policy-making and implementation for biological diversity conservation.

   ⁠Stressing the importance of, and the need to promote, international, regional and global cooperation among States and intergovernmental organizations and the non-governmental sector for the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components.

   ⁠Acknowledging that the provision of new and additional financial resources and appropriate access to relevant technologies can be expected to make a substantial difference in the world’s ability to address the loss of biological diversity.

   ⁠Acknowledging further that special provision is required to meet the needs of developing countries, including the provision of new and additional financial resources and appropriate access to relevant technologies.

   ⁠Noting in this regard the special conditions of the least developed countries and small island States,

   ⁠Acknowledging that substantial investments are required to conserve biological diversity and that there is the expectation of a broad range of environmental, economic and social benefits from those investments.

   ⁠Recognizing that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing countries.

   ⁠Aware that conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is of critical importance for meeting the food, health and other needs of the growing world population, for which purpose access to and sharing of both genetic resources and technologies are essential.

   ⁠Noting that, ultimately, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity will strengthen friendly relations among States and contribute to peace for humankind.

   ⁠Desiring to enhance and complement existing international arrangements for the conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of its components, and

   ⁠Determined to conserve and sustainably use biological diversity for the benefit of present and future generations. ​

   ⁠Have agreed as follows:

   Article I. Objectives

   ⁠The objectives of this Convention, to be pursued in accordance with its relevant provisions, are the conservation of biological diversity. the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding.

   ArticIe 2. Use of Terms

   ⁠For the purposes of this Convention:

   “Biological diversity” means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.

   “Biological resources’ includes genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations, or any other biotic component of ecosystems with actual or potential use or value for humanity.

   “Biotechnology” means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

   “Country of origin of genetic resources” means the country which possesses those genetic resources in in-situ conditions.

   “Country providing genetic resources’ means the country supplying genetic resources collected from in~situ sources, including populations of both wild and domesticated species, or taken from ex-si tu sources, which may or may not have originated in that country.

   “Domesticated or cultivated species’ means species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs.

   “Ecosystem” means a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit.

   “Ex-situ conservation” means the conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats.

   “Genetic material” means any material of plant, animal, microbial or other origin containing functional units of heredity.

   “Genetic resources” means genetic material of actual or potential value. ​

   “Habitat” means the place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs.

   “In-situ conditions” means conditions where genetic resources exist within ecosystems and natural habitats, and. in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties.

   “In-situ conservation” means the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties.

   “Protected area” means a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives.

   “Regional economic integration organization” means an organization constituted by sovereign States of a given region, to which its member States have transferred competence in respect of matters governed by this Convention and which has been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to it.

   “Sustainable use” means the use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations.

   “Technology” includes biotechnology.

   Article 3. Principle

   ⁠States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

   Article 4. Jurisdictional Scope

   ⁠Subject to the rights of other States, and except as otherwise expressly provided in this Convention, the provisions of this Convention apply, in relation to each Contracting Party:

   ⁠(a) In the case of components of biological diversity, in areas within the limits of its national jurisdiction; and

   ⁠(b) In the case of processes and activities, regardless of where their effects occur, carried out under its jurisdiction or control, within the area of its national jurisdiction or beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

   Article 5. Cooperation

   ⁠Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate, cooperate with other Contracting Parties, directly or. where appropriate, through competent international organizations, in respect of areas beyond ​national jurisdiction and on other matters of mutual interest, for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.

   Article 6. General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Use

   ⁠Each Contracting Party shall, in accordance with its particular conditions and capabilities:

   ⁠(a) Develop national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity or adapt for this purpose existing strategies, plans or programmes which shall reflect, inter alia, the measures set out in this Convention relevant to the Contracting Party concerned; and

   ⁠(b) Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies.

   Article 7. Identification and Monitoring

   ⁠Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate, in particular for the purposes of Articles 8 to 10:

   ⁠(a) Identify components of biological diversity important for its conservation and sustainable use having regard to the indicative list of categories set down in Annex I:

   ⁠(b) Monitor, through sampling and other techniques, the components of biological diversity identified pursuant to subparagraph (a) above, paying particular attention to those requiring urgent conservation measures and those which offer the greatest potential for sustainable use;

   ⁠(c) Identify processes and categories of activities which have or are likely to have significant adverse impacts on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, and monitor their effects through sampling and other techniques; and

   ⁠(d) Maintain and organize, by any mechanism data, derived from identification and monitoring activities pursuant to subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) above.

   Article 8. In-situ Conservation

   ⁠Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate:

   ⁠(a) Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity:

   ⁠(b) Develop, where necessary, guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity:

   ⁠(c) Regulate or manage biological resources important for the conservation of biological diversity whether within or outside protected areas, with a view to ensuring their conservation and sustainable use; …

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3. shinichi Post author09/10/2023 at 10:13 am

   Convention on Biological Diversity

   Wikipedia

   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity

   The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty. The Convention has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. Its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, and it is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development.

   The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993. The United States is the only UN member state which has not ratified the Convention. It has two supplementary agreements, the Cartagena Protocol and Nagoya Protocol.

   The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty governing the movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one country to another. It was adopted on 29 January 2000 as a supplementary agreement to the CBD and entered into force on 11 September 2003.

   The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity is another supplementary agreement to the CBD. It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, and entered into force on 12 October 2014.

   2010 was also the International Year of Biodiversity, and the Secretariat of the CBD was its focal point. Following a recommendation of CBD signatories at Nagoya, the UN declared 2011 to 2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity in December 2010. The Convention’s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, created in 2010, include the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.

   The meetings of the Parties to the Convention are known as Conferences of the Parties (COP), with the first one (COP 1) held in Nassau, Bahamas, in 1994 and the most recent one (COP 15) in 2021/2022 in Kunming, China and Montreal, Canada.

   In the area of marine and coastal biodiversity CBD’s focus at present is to identify Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) in specific ocean locations based on scientific criteria. The aim is to create an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) involving area-based planning and decision-making under UNCLOS to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ).

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4. shinichi Post author09/10/2023 at 10:16 am

   生物の多様性に関する条約

   ウィキペディア

   https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/生物の多様性に関する条約

   生物の多様性に関する条約（せいぶつのたようせいにかんするじょうやく、英語：Convention on Biological Diversity、CBD） は、生物多様性を「種」「遺伝子」「生態系」の3つのレベルで捉え、その保全などを目指す国際条約である。略称は生物多様性条約。

   なお、本条約の締約国会議をCOPと称することから、一部報道などではCOPを本条約の略語とする誤解が見られるが、本条約の略称は上述の通りCBDであり、本条約におけるCOPは通常CBD/COPと称される。

   経緯

   国際自然保護連合（IUCN）などの環境保護団体の要請を受け、1987年から国連環境計画（UNEP）が準備を開始した。同管理理事会の決定によって設立された専門家会合における検討、および1990年11月以来7回にわたり開催された政府間条約交渉会議における交渉を経て、1992年5月22日、ケニアのナイロビで開催された合意テキスト採択会議においてコンセンサス採択された。

   同年6月にブラジルのリオ・デ・ジャネイロで開催された国連環境開発会議（UNCED、地球サミット）で調印式を行い、6月5日に署名開放、1年間の署名開放期間中に168の国・機関が署名。1993年12月29日に発効した。

   1992年条約制定時のいわゆる南北対立の結果、資金メカニズム、クリアリングハウスメカニズム、バイオセーフティなど条約実施のための詳細が積み残しとなった事項が多く、これらは生物多様性条約を締結（批准）した国による会議に委ねられた。

   2000年にはバイオセーフティに関するカルタヘナ議定書が採択され、2004年に発効している。また、2002年のCOP6（ハーグ）では、「2010年目標」が採択されている。この目標は、現在の生物多様性の損失速度を2010年までに顕著に減少させるというもので、同年に開催されたヨハネスブルグサミットの実施計画にも盛り込まれた。

   目的

   本条約の目的は、以下のとおりである。

   生物多様性の保全
   生物多様性の構成要素の持続可能な利用
   遺伝資源の利用から生ずる利益の公正かつ衡平な配分

   内容

   絶滅のおそれのある野生動植物の種の国際取引に関する条約（ワシントン条約）やラムサール条約のように、特定の行為や特定の生息地のみを対象とするのではなく、野生生物保護の枠組みを広げ、地球上の生物の多様性を包括的に保全することが重視されている。また、生物多様性の保全だけでなく、「持続可能な利用」を明記していることも特徴の一つである。

   条約加盟国は、生物多様性の保全と持続可能な利用を目的とする国家戦略または国家計画を作成・実行する義務を負う。また、重要な地域・種の特定とモニタリングを行うことになっている。

   さらに、生物多様性の持続可能な利用のための措置として、持続可能な利用の政策への組み込みや、先住民の伝統的な薬法など、利用に関する伝統的・文化的慣行の保護・奨励についても規定されている。

   この他、遺伝資源の利用に関しては、資源利用による利益を資源提供国と資源利用国が公正かつ衡平に配分すること、また途上国への技術移転を公正で最も有利な条件で実施することが求められている。

   また、この条約には、先進国の資金により開発途上国の取り組みを支援する資金援助の仕組みと、先進国の技術を開発途上国に提供する技術協力の仕組みがあり、経済的・技術的な理由から生物多様性の保全と持続可能な利用のための取り組みが十分でない開発途上国に対する支援が行われることが定められている。さらに、生物多様性に関する情報交換や調査研究を各国が協力して行うことになっている。

   この計画策定作業を促進するために、1995年にWRI、IUCN、UNEPが作成した「生物多様性計画ガイドライン」が重要参考資料として指定されている。

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