… human rights is a political struggle. Rights doctrines arouse opposition because they challenge sources of power. Universality, therefore, cannot imply equal consent in a world of unequal power. Hence the political bias of human rights advocacy must be towards the victim, and the test of legitimacy/universality is the victim’s consent, bottom- up rather than top-down. Human rights are universal because they define the universal interests of the powerless, that power be exercised over them in ways that respect their autonomy. …