新石器革命とは、新石器時代における人類の農耕や牧畜の開始、これに関連した定住生活の開始という一連の変革のことである。農耕の開始による観点から農耕革命や定住生活の開始による観点から定住革命、食料生産の安定化による観点から食料生産革命などとも呼称される。
農耕・牧畜の開始により、それまでの狩猟・採集による獲得経済から安定した食料の生産を可能とする生産経済へと移行した。生産性の向上により人口が急増し、更なる生産力の向上に繋がり農耕・牧畜社会は拡大していった。一方、定住生活により集団・組織化が起き、やがて定着集落（村落）が形成された。また、一箇所に留まることが可能となったことで余暇も生まれ、時間を掛けて様々な物を製作できるようになり、石器もより手入れを必要とする磨製石器が主流となっていった。余剰生産・労働力により社会にゆとりが生まれ、交易を行う行商や専門技術を担う職人が出てくるようになった。定住農耕社会は分業を促進させていくと共に階級が生じ、社会構造が複雑化することで文明となり、やがて国家や市場が誕生するに至っている。
新石器革命
ウィキペディア
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/新石器革命
Neolithic Revolution
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution, or the (First) Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible. These settled communities permitted humans to observe and experiment with plants, learning how they grew and developed. This new knowledge led to the domestication of plants into crops.
Archaeological data indicates that the domestication of various types of plants and animals happened in separate locations worldwide, starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene 11,700 years ago. It was the world’s first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture. The Neolithic Revolution greatly narrowed the diversity of foods available, resulting in a downturn in the quality of human nutrition compared with that obtained previously from foraging, but because food production became more efficient, it released humans to invest their efforts in other activities and was thus “ultimately necessary to the rise of modern civilization by creating the foundation for the later process of industrialization and sustained economic growth.”
The Neolithic Revolution involved far more than the adoption of a limited set of food-producing techniques. During the next millennia it transformed the small and mobile groups of hunter-gatherers that had hitherto dominated human pre-history into sedentary (non-nomadic) societies based in built-up villages and towns. These societies radically modified their natural environment by means of specialized food-crop cultivation, with activities such as irrigation and deforestation which allowed the production of surplus food. Other developments that are found very widely during this era are the domestication of animals, pottery, polished stone tools, and rectangular houses. In many regions, the adoption of agriculture by prehistoric societies caused episodes of rapid population growth, a phenomenon known as the Neolithic demographic transition.
These developments, sometimes called the Neolithic package, provided the basis for centralized administrations and political structures, hierarchical ideologies, depersonalized systems of knowledge (e.g. writing), densely populated settlements, specialization and division of labour, more trade, the development of non-portable art and architecture, and greater property ownership. The earliest known civilization developed in Sumer in southern Mesopotamia (c. 6,500 BP); its emergence also heralded the beginning of the Bronze Age.
The relationship of the aforementioned Neolithic characteristics to the onset of agriculture, their sequence of emergence, and empirical relation to each other at various Neolithic sites remains the subject of academic debate, and varies from place to place, rather than being the outcome of universal laws of social evolution. The Levant saw the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC, followed by sites in the wider Fertile Crescent such as Mesopotamia and Anatolia.